1. Nature of the Business

Orchard Therapeutics plc and subsidiaries (the “Company”) is a commercial-stage fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company dedicated to transforming the lives of patients with serious and life- threatening rare diseases through ex vivo, autologous, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) based gene therapies. The Company’s gene therapy approach seeks to transform a patient’s own, or autologous, HSCs into a gene-modified drug product to treat the patient’s disease through a single administration. The Company has acquired and developed a portfolio of ex vivo, autologous, HSC based gene therapies focused on three franchises in which it accumulates expertise, including primary immune deficiencies, neurometabolic disorders and hemoglobinopathies. The Company’s portfolio of ex vivo, autologous, HSC based gene therapies includes Strimvelis®, a gammaretroviral vector-based gene therapy and the first such treatment approved by the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) for adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency (“ADA-SCID”), three clinical programs in advanced registrational studies in metachromatic leukodystrophy (“MLD”), Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (“WAS”) and ADA-SCID, other clinical programs in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (“X-CGD”) and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia (“TDT”), as well as an extensive preclinical pipeline.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated pursuant to the laws of England and Wales. On November 2, 2018, the Company closed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of American Depositary Shares (“ADS”) in which the Company sold an aggregate of 16,103,572 ADSs representing the same number of ordinary shares at a public offering price of $14.00 per ADS. Net proceeds were $205.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $15.8 million and offering expenses of $4.2 million paid by the Company.

Orchard Therapeutics plc (formerly Orchard Rx Limited) was originally incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in August 2018 to become a holding company for Orchard Therapeutics Limited. Orchard Therapeutics Limited was originally incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in September 2015 as Newincco 1387 Limited and subsequently changed its name to Orchard Therapeutics Limited in November 2015. As part of a corporate reorganization in October 2018, all the interests in Orchard Therapeutics Limited were exchanged for the same number and class of newly issued shares of Orchard Rx Limited and, as a result, Orchard Therapeutics Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of Orchard Rx Limited. On October 29, 2018, Orchard Rx Limited re-registered as a public limited company and changed its name to Orchard Therapeutics plc, and Orchard Therapeutics Limited changed its name to Orchard Therapeutics (Europe) Limited. Upon completion of the reorganization, the historical consolidated financial statements of Orchard Therapeutics (Europe) Limited became the historical consolidated financial statements of Orchard Therapeutics plc because the reorganization was accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control.

On November 1, 2018, the Company’s different classes of preferred shares and our ordinary shares were consolidated on a one-for-0.8003 basis. Following the share consolidation, each share was re-designated as an ordinary share on a one-for-one basis. Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect the reverse stock split.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s technology will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government or regulatory approval, or that any products, if approved, will be commercially viable. The Company operates in an environment of rapid technological innovation and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies. In addition, the Company is dependent upon the services of its employees, consultants and service providers. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

Through March 31, 2019, the Company funded its operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of convertible preferred shares and ADSs in the IPO. The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $30.7 million and $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $321.0 million and $290.2 million, respectively. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. The viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects, or the Company may be unable to continue operations. Although management continues to pursue these plans of raising additional capital to finance operations, there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Company to fund continuing operations, if at all. The Company expects that its cash on hand as of March 31, 2019 of $295.4 million, will be sufficient to fund its operations and capital expenditure requirements through at least twelve months from the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements on May 28, 2019.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The condensed consolidated interim financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial reporting and in accordance with Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, and Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 22, 2019 (the “Annual Report”).  The balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 was derived from audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. 

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from these interim financial statements.  However, these interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, necessary to fairly state the results of the interim period.  The interim results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, the research and development tax credit receivable, the Strimvelis loss provision, the fair values of ordinary and convertible preferred shares, share-based compensation and income taxes. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Concentration of credit risk

The Company has no significant off-balance sheet risk, such as foreign currency contracts, options contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and other receivables. Periodically, the Company maintains deposits in accredited financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company deposits its cash in financial institutions that it believes have high credit quality and has not experienced any losses on such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships or entities for which it has a receivable.

Foreign currency translation

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The Company has determined the functional currency of the parent company, Orchard Therapeutics plc, is U.S. dollars because it predominantly raises finance and expends cash in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of our subsidiary operations is the applicable local currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency of the subsidiary in which they occur at the foreign exchange rate in effect on at the date of the transaction.  Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are translated into the functional currency of the relevant subsidiary at the foreign exchange rate in effect on the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that differ from the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. The Company recorded an unrealized foreign currency transaction loss of $3.5 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which is included in other (expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The results of operations for subsidiaries, the functional currency of which is not the U.S. dollar, are translated at an average rate for the period where this rate approximates to the foreign exchange rates ruling at the dates of the transactions and the balance sheet of these subsidiaries are translated at foreign exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising from this translation of foreign operations are reported as an item of other comprehensive loss.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less at acquisition to be cash equivalents. At March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not have any cash equivalents.

Restricted cash

Cash and cash equivalents that are restricted as to withdrawal or use under the terms of certain contractual agreements are recorded as Restricted Cash on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company has an outstanding a letter of credit for $3.0 million associated with a lease , which is included in the condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The Company is also contractually required to maintain a cash collateral account associated with corporate credit card accounts in the amount of $0.9 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The Company includes the restricted cash balance in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the consolidated balance sheet that sum to the total of the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives. Construction-in-process assets are not depreciated until they are placed into service.

As of March 31, 2019, the Company’s property and equipment consisted of furniture and fixtures, office and computer equipment, lab equipment, leasehold improvements, and construction-in-process. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the statement of operations and other comprehensive loss. Repairs and maintenance expenditures, which are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful life of property and equipment, are expensed as incurred.

The Company evaluates assets for potential impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the book values of the assets to the expected future net undiscounted cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the book values of the assets exceed their fair value. The Company has not recognized any impairment losses from inception through March 31, 2019.

Segment information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company and the Company’s chief operating decision maker, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, views the Company’s operations and manages its business as a single operating segment, which is focused on discovering, acquiring, developing and commercializing gene therapies for patients with rare disorders. The Company had fixed assets of $1.9 million and $3.8 million located in the United Kingdom and United States, respectively, as of March 31, 2019, and $1.7 million and $3.8 million located in the United Kingdom and United States, respectively, as of December 31, 2018.

Research and development costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, share-based compensation and benefits, facilities costs, depreciation, third-party license fees, and external costs of outside vendors engaged to conduct clinical development activities and clinical trials, as well as to manufacture clinical trial materials. Non-refundable prepayments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered. In addition, funding from research grants is recognized as an offset to research and development expense on the basis of costs incurred on the research program, to the extent that reimbursement of the costs is deemed probable. Royalties associated with our research grants will be accrued when they become probable.

Research contract costs and accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development-related contracts. These agreements are cancelable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.

Share-based compensation

The Company measures share-based awards granted to employees and directors based on the fair value on the date of the grant and recognizes compensation expense for those awards over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period of the respective award. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in shareholders’ equity (deficit) that result from transactions and economic events other than those with shareholders. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, other comprehensive income included a gain of $3.1 million and $3.4 million, respectively, related to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Strimvelis loss provision

As part of the GSK transaction completed in April 2018, the Company is required to use its best endeavors to make Strimvelis commercially available in the European Union until such time that an alternative gene therapy, such as our OTL-101 product candidate, is commercially available for patients in Italy, and at all times at the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, provided that a minimum number of patients continue to be treated at this site. Strimvelis is not currently expected to generate sufficient cash flows to overcome the costs of maintaining the product and certain regulatory commitments; therefore, the Company initially recorded a liability associated with the loss contract of $18.4 million. The Company recognizes the amortization of the loss provision on a diminishing balance basis based on the actual net loss incurred associated with Strimvelis and the expected future net losses to be generated until such time as Strimvelis is no longer commercially available. The amortization of the provision is recorded as a credit to research and development expense. We have made an estimate of the expected future losses associated with Strimvelis and adjust this estimate as facts and circumstances change regarding the commercial availability and costs of maintaining and selling Strimvelis. As of March 31, 2019, the total Strimvelis loss provision liability was $9.1 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 the Company amortized $1.5 million as a credit to research and development expense. The effects of foreign currency translation for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased the liability by $0.3 million.

Research and development income tax credit

As a company that carries out extensive research and development activities, the Company seeks to benefit from one of two U.K. research and development tax relief programs, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises R&D Tax Credit Program (“SME Program”) and the Research and Development Expenditure program (“RDEC Program”). Qualifying expenditures largely comprise employment costs for research staff, consumables and certain internal overhead costs incurred as part of research projects for which the Company does not receive income. Such credits are accounted for as reductions in research and development expense in the period in which the expenditures were incurred.

Based on criteria established by HM Revenue and Customs (“HMRC”), management of the Company expects a proportion of expenditures being incurred in relation to its pipeline research, clinical trials management and manufacturing development activities to be eligible for research and development tax credits for the 2019 fiscal year. The Company has qualified under the more favorable SME regime for the year ended December 31, 2018 and expects to qualify under the SME regime for the year ending December 31, 2019.

The RDEC and SME credits are not dependent on the Company generating future taxable income or on the ongoing tax status or tax position of the Company. As such the Company has recorded a United Kingdom research and development tax credit as an offset to research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss of $5.2 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company’s tax incentive receivable from the United Kingdom government was $16.1 million and $10.6 million, respectively. The effects of foreign currency translation for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased the receivable by $0.3 million. As of March 31, 2019, these amounts have not yet been paid to the Company by HMRC.

Income taxes

The Company is subject to corporate taxation in the United Kingdom and the United States. Due to the nature of its business, the Company has generated losses since inception and has therefore not paid United Kingdom corporation tax. The Company’s income tax (expense) benefit represents only income taxes in the United States.  The Company’s income tax credit recognized represents the sum of the research and development tax credits recoverable in the United Kingdom and income tax payable in the United States.

The research and development tax credit received in the United Kingdom is recorded as a credit against R&D expenses. The U.K. research and development tax credit, as described below, is fully refundable to the Company and is not dependent on current or future taxable income. As a result, the Company has recorded the entire benefit from the UK research and development tax credit as a reduction to R&D expenses and has not reflected it as part of the income tax provision. If, in the future, any UK research and development tax credits generated are needed to offset a corporate income tax liability in the UK, that portion would be recorded as a benefit within the income tax provision and any refundable portion not dependent on taxable income would continue to be recorded as a reduction to research and development expenses.

Unsurrendered United Kingdom losses may be carried forward indefinitely to be offset against future taxable profits, subject to numerous utilization criteria and restrictions. The amount that can be offset each year is limited to £5.0 million plus an incremental 50% of United Kingdom taxable profits.

Value Added Tax (“VAT”), is broadly charged on all taxable supplies of goods and services by VAT-registered businesses, and is generally applicable to our operations in the United Kingdom and European Union. Under current rates, an amount of 20% of the value, as determined for VAT purposes, of the goods or services supplied is added to all sales invoices and is payable to HMRC. Similarly, VAT paid on purchase invoices associated with our U.K. subsidiary is generally reclaimable from HMRC.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the condensed consolidated financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using substantively enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered in the future and, to the extent the Company believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income tax expense. Potential for recovery of deferred tax assets is evaluated by estimating the future taxable profits expected and considering prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes in the condensed consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the tax position is then assessed as the amount of benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of benefit that may be used is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any resulting tax reserves, or unrecognized tax benefits, that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Net income (loss) per share

The Company follows the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share as the Company has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net income (loss) per share for each class of ordinary and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to ordinary shareholders for the period to be allocated between ordinary and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed.

Basic net income (loss) per share attributable to ordinary shareholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders is computed by adjusting net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to ordinary shareholders is computed by dividing the diluted net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive ordinary shares. For purpose of this calculation, outstanding options and convertible preferred shares are considered potential dilutive ordinary shares.

The Company’s convertible preferred shares contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which there were convertible shares outstanding and the Company reported a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, such losses were not allocated to such participating securities. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, since dilutive ordinary shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

The Company reported a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-15 (“ASU 2018-15), Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract requiring a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal use software guidance in ASC 350-402 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets. The guidance is effective for the Company in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company has the option to apply the guidance prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption or retrospectively. The new guidance requires certain disclosures in the interim and annual period of adoption. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements due to limited use in its operations of cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07 (“ASU 2018-07”). ASU 2018-07 expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees will be substantially aligned. ASU 2018-07 supersedes Subtopic 505-50, Equity—Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees. The amendments are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. For all other companies, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than a company’s adoption date of Topic 606. ASU 2018-07 was adopted as of January 1, 2017 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. Under the new guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions or the classification of the award (as equity or liability) changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. ASU 2017-09 is effective for all entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for 1) public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued and 2) all other entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805) Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business by adding guidance to assist entities in evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. For all other entities, the guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted for transactions for which the acquisition date occurs before the effective date when the transaction has not been reported in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. As such, the Company adopted this standard effective as of January 1, 2016 and applied the guidance to our analysis of arrangements entered into during the years ended during the year ended December 31, 2016 and subsequent reporting periods.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”), which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 for annual period beginning after December 15, 2017. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-18, the Company did not have material balances meeting the definition of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents.

In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”) to clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2016-15 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfer of Assets Other than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16”), which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer (sales) of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. The standard is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2018. The Company does not currently engage in sale transactions with its wholly owned subsidiaries. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”). ASU 2016-09 addresses several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, an option to recognize gross share compensation expense with actual forfeitures recognized as they occur, and classification on the statement of cash flows. Certain of these changes are required to be applied retrospectively, while other changes are required to be applied prospectively. ASU 2016-09 is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For all other entities, the guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted for any entity in any interim or annual period and an entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The Company early adopted ASU 2016-09 effective as of January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), which amended the guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities.  The new guidance requires that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, or those that result in consolidation of the investee) are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income.  The guidance also requires the use of an exit price when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset.  The Company adopted this standard beginning
January 1, 2018.  Adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Company does not hold any equity securities.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-17”), which requires deferred tax liabilities and assets to be classified as non-current in the consolidated balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For all other entities, the guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted and the Company elected to early adopt the standard on January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 had no material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows as the company has recorded a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for the period ended December 31, 2016 and subsequent reporting periods.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard defines a five-step process to achieve this principle and will require companies to use more judgment and make more estimates than under the current guidance. The Company expects that these judgments and estimates will include identifying performance obligations in the customer contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delays the effective date of ASU 2014-09 such that the standard is effective for public entities for annual period beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the guidance is effective beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of the standard is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted these revenue standards on January 1, 2017. Prior to 2018, the Company had no sources of revenue. In 2018, the Company had its first sales of Strimvelis and have applied this guidance to our revenue recognition, and as such there was no impact from the adoption of ASC 606 in prior periods.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 (“ASU 2018-13”), Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, removing the requirements to disclose:

The standard also clarifies certain aspects of disclosures regarding uncertainty in measurement of the reporting date.  The guidance is effective for the Company in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements as the Company does not currently have and does not anticipate, based on its investment policy and nature of operations, to have assets or liabilities falling within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception (“ASU 2017-11”). Part I applies to entities that issue financial instruments such as warrants, convertible debt or convertible preferred stock that contain down-round features. Part II replaces the indefinite deferral for certain mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests and mandatorily redeemable financial instruments of nonpublic entities contained within ASC Topic 480 with a scope exception and does not impact the accounting for these mandatorily redeemable instruments. ASU 2017-11 is required to be adopted for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. For all other entities, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company does not expect ASU 2017-11 to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842), (“ASU 2018-01”), which adds two practical expedients to the new lease guidance. Topic 842 is effective for the Company in its annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company has considered other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to the business, or that the effect is not expected to be material to the financial statements as a result of future adoption.

3. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense was $0.4 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

4. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

5. Shareholders’ Equity

Initial Public Offering and Corporate Reorganization

On November 2, 2018, the Company closed its IPO of ADSs. In the IPO, the Company sold an aggregate of 16,103,572 ADSs representing the same number of ordinary shares at a public offering price of $14.00 per ADS, including a partial exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs. Net proceeds were $205.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts of $15.8 million, and commissions and offering expenses paid by the Company of $4.2 million.

Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, all outstanding Convertible Preferred Shares of the Company were converted into their respective class of preferred shares on a one-for-0.8003 basis. All ordinary shares were consolidated on a one-for-0.8003 basis. Following completion of these steps, and immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, each share outstanding was re-designated as an ordinary share on a one-for-one basis. Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect this reverse split. In addition, all share options for all periods presented have been adjusted retroactively to reflect this reverse split.

Additionally, as part of the corporate reorganization associated with our IPO, each ordinary share with a nominal value of £0.00001 was redenominated as an ordinary share with a nominal value of £0.10. Accordingly, equity accounts for all periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect the effects of the redenomination of our ordinary shares.

Ordinary Shares

Each holder of ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share and to receive dividends when and if such dividends are recommended by the board of directors and declared by the shareholders.  The Company has not declared any dividends since its inception. The Company has authority to allot ordinary shares up to a maximum nominal value of £13,023,851.50 with a nominal value of £0.10 per share.

6. Share-Based Compensation

The Company maintains three equity compensation plans; the Orchard Therapeutics Limited Employee Share Option Plan with Non-Employee Sub-Plan and U.S. Sub-Plan (the “2016 Plan”), the Orchard Therapeutics plc 2018 Share Option and Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), and the 2018 Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The board of directors has determined not to make any further awards under the 2016 plan following the Company’s IPO. On March 22, 2019, pursuant to the evergreen provisions in the 2018 Plan and the ESPP, the Company increased (i) the number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2018 Plan by 4,293,278, and (ii) the number of ordinary shares available for issuance under the ESPP by 858,656. As of March 31, 2019, 5,518,538 shares remained available for grant under the 2018 Plan, and 1,709,604 shares remained available for grant under the ESPP.

Prior to the Company’s IPO, the Company granted options to United States employees and non-employees at exercise prices deemed by the board of directors to be equal to the fair value of the ordinary share at the time of grant, and granted options to United Kingdom and European Union employees and non-employees at an exercise price equal to the par value of the ordinary shares of £0.00001. After the IPO, options are now granted at exercise prices equal to the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the grant date for all employees. The vesting period is determined by the board of directors, which is generally four years. An option’s maximum term is ten years.

Share Options

The following table summarizes option activity under the plans for three months ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands except share and per share amounts):

The aggregate intrinsic value of share options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the share options and the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares for those share options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares at the reporting date. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the intrinsic value of share options exercised was not material. There were no share option exercises in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of share options granted during the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 was $8.37 per share. All share options granted have a term of 10 years.

Restricted Share Units

The Company has issued performance-based restricted share units (“RSUs”) to certain executives and members of its senior management, with vesting linked to the achievement of three specific regulatory and research and development milestones and one market condition based upon the volume weighted-average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s ADSs for a certain period. Upon achievement of any of the aforementioned milestones, one third of the RSU’s will vest, and the award will become fully vested upon achievement of three of the four performance conditions.  

The maximum aggregate total fair value of the performance-based RSUs is $10.6 million. The fair value associated with the shares that could vest based on the market-based condition is being recognized as expense over an average derived service period of 1.4 years. The fair value associated with the performance-based conditions will be recognized when achievement of the milestones becomes probable, if at all. The Company determined that, as of March 31, 2019, none of the regulatory and research and development milestones were deemed probable.

The following table summarizes award activity for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

The amount of compensation cost recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 for the market condition associated with the performance-based RSUs was $0.3 million and nil, respectively.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation expense recorded as research and development and general and administrative expenses is as follows (in thousands):

The Company had 9,461,717 unvested options outstanding as of March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock option grants was approximately $54.3 million. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.01 years. As of March 31, 2019, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to performance-based RSUs is a maximum of $10.3 million, depending upon achievement of the milestones.

7. License Agreements

GSK asset purchase and license agreement

In April 2018, the Company completed an asset purchase and license agreement (the “GSK Agreement”) with subsidiaries of GSK to acquire a portfolio of autologous ex vivo gene therapy assets and licenses, for rare diseases and option rights on three additional programs in preclinical development from Telethon Foundation and San Raffaele Hospital (“Telethon-OSR”).

The portfolio of programs and options acquired consists of:

The Company accounted for the GSK Agreement as an asset acquisition, since the asset purchase and licensing arrangement did not meet the definition of a business pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations. Total consideration of £94.2 million ($133.6 million as of date of acquisition), which includes an upfront payment of £10.0 million ($14.2 million at the acquisition date) and 12,455,252 Series B-2 convertible preferred shares of the Company issued to GSK at £65.8 million ($93.4 million at the acquisition date), a loss contract on the Strimvelis program valued at £12.9 million ($18.4 million), an inventory purchase liability valued at £4.9 million ($6.9 million) and transaction costs of £0.6 million ($0.8 million). The Company allocated £94.2 million ($133.6 million) to in-process research and development expense (based on the fair value of the underlying programs in development). The Series B-2 convertible preferred shares were converted to ordinary shares as part of our IPO in November 2018.

The Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain a PRV from the United States Food and Drug Administration for each of the programs for MLD, WAS and TDT, the first of which GSK retained beneficial ownership over. GSK also has an option to acquire, at a price pursuant to an agreed upon formula, any PRV granted to the Company thereafter for MLD, WAS and TDT. If GSK does not exercise this option to purchase any PRV, the Company may sell the PRV to a third party and must share any proceeds in excess of a specified sale price equally with GSK. For accounting purposes, as of March 31, 2019, the Company does not consider the attainment of a PRV from the United States Food and Drug Administration to be probable.

As part of the GSK Agreement the Company is required to use its best endeavors to make Strimvelis commercially available in the European Union until such time as an alternative gene therapy, such as our OTL-101 product candidate, is commercially available for patients in Italy, and at all times at the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, provided that a minimum number of patients continue to be treated at this site. Strimvelis is not currently expected to generate sufficient cash flows to overcome the costs of maintaining the product and certain regulatory commitments; therefore, the Company recorded a liability associated with the loss contract of £12.9 million ($18.4 million at the acquisition date) associated with the loss expected due to this obligation. This liability is being amortized over the remaining period of expected sales of Strimvelis as a credit to research and development expenses. During the period ended March 31, 2019, the Company amortized $1.5 million as a credit to research and development expenses associated with the loss provision. The effects of foreign currency translation for the three months ended March 31, 2019 increased the liability by $0.3 million.  The balance of the liability as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $9.1 million and $10.3 million, respectively. 

The consideration transferred in the asset acquisition was measured at cost, including transaction costs, assets and equity interests transferred by the acquirer, and liabilities incurred by the acquirer as noted below:

The Company will pay GSK non-refundable royalties and milestone payments in relation to the gene therapy programs acquired and OTL-101. The Company will pay a flat mid-single digit percentage royalty on the combined annual net sales of ADA-SCID products, which includes Strimvelis and the Company-developed product candidate, OTL-101. The Company will also pay tiered royalty rates at a percentage beginning in the mid-teens up to twenty percent for the MLD and WAS products, upon marketing approval, calculated as percentages of aggregate cumulative net sales of the MLD and WAS products, respectively. The Company will pay a tiered royalty at a percentage from the high single-digits to low double-digit for the TDT product, upon marketing approval, calculated as percentages of aggregate annual net sales of the TDT product. These royalties owed to GSK are in addition to any royalties owed to other third parties under various license agreements for the GSK programs. In aggregate, the Company may pay up to £90.0 million in milestone payments upon achievement of certain sales milestones applicable to GSK. The Company’s royalty obligations with respect to MLD and WAS may be deferred for a certain period in the interest of prioritizing available capital to develop each product. The Company’s royalty obligations are subject to reduction on a product-by-product basis in the event of market control by biosimilars and will expire in April 2048. Other than Strimvelis, these royalty and milestone payments were not determined to be probable and estimable at the date of the acquisition and are not included as part of consideration.

The Company and GSK also separately executed a Transition Services Agreement (“TSA”) as well as an Inventory Sale Agreement, both effective April 11, 2018. The TSA outlined several activities that the Company had requested GSK to assist with during the transition period, including but not limited to utilizing GSK to sell, market and distribute Strimvelis, and assist with regulatory, clinical and non-clinical activities for the other non-commercialized products which were ongoing at the date of the GSK Agreement. The TSA expired in December 2018.

In connection with the Company’s entering into the GSK Agreement, GSK assigned rights and obligations to certain contracts, which include among others, the original license agreement with Telethon/Ospedale San Raffaele and an ongoing manufacturing agreement.

Telethon-OSR research and development collaboration and license agreement

In connection with the Company’s entering into the GSK Agreement, the Company also acquired and assumed agreements with Telethon Foundation and San Raffaele Hospital, together referred to as Telethon-OSR, for the research, development and commercialization of autologous ex vivo gene therapies for ADA-SCID, WAS, MLD, TDT, as well as options over three additional earlier-stage development programs. The Company’s options under the agreement with Telethon-OSR with respect to the earlier-stage programs have lapsed.

As consideration for the licenses, the Company will be required to make payments to Telethon-OSR upon achievement of certain product development milestones. Additionally, the Company will be required to pay to Telethon-OSR a tiered mid-single to low-double digit royalty percentage on annual sales of licensed products covered by patent rights on a country-by-country basis, as well as a low double-digit percentage of sublicense income received from any certain third-party sublicenses of the collaboration programs. These royalties are in addition to those payable to GSK under the GSK Agreement. The Company may pay up to and aggregate of approximately €31.0 million in milestone payments upon achievement of certain product development milestones.

UCLB/UCLA License Agreement

In February 2016, and amended in July 2017, the Company completed the UCLB/UCLA License Agreement, under which the Company has been granted exclusive and non-exclusive, sublicensable licenses under certain intellectual property rights controlled by UCLB and UCLA to develop and commercialize gene therapy products in certain fields and territories.

In exchange for these rights, in 2016, the Company made upfront cash payments consisting of $0.8 million for the license to the joint UCLB/UCLA technology and $1.1 million for the license to the UCLB technology and manufacturing technology. The Company also issued an aggregate of 4,665,384 ordinary shares to UCLB, of which 1,224,094, and 3,441,290 ordinary shares were issued in 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company recorded research and development expense based on the fair value of the ordinary shares as of the time the agreement was executed or modified. The Company was also obligated to make an additional cash payment for clinical data. In 2017, the Company paid $0.8 million in relation to clinical data acquired. The Company recorded the payments to research and development expense.

Under the UCLB/UCLA License Agreement, the Company is also obligated to pay an annual administration fee of $0.1 million on the first, second and third anniversary of the agreement date. Additionally, the Company is obligated to make payments to the parties of up to an aggregate of $38.9 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory milestones as well as royalties ranging from low to mid-single-digit percentage on net sales of the applicable gene therapy product.

The Company recorded nil and $0.2 million of research and development costs in respect of the UCLB/UCLA License Agreement, which comprise the upfront payments, issuance of ordinary shares and payments for clinical data, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company has $0.1 million of prepayments recorded associated with the annual administration fee associated with the license agreement as of March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Unless terminated earlier by either party, the UCLB/UCLA License Agreement will expire on the 25^th anniversary of the agreement.

Oxford BioMedica license, development and supply agreement

In November 2016, and amended in September 2018, the Company entered into an arrangement with Oxford BioMedica whereby Oxford BioMedica granted an exclusive intellectual property license to the Company for the purposes of research, development, and commercialization of collaboration products, and will provide process development services, and manufacture clinical and commercial GMP-grade lentiviral vectors for the Company (“Oxford BioMedica Agreement”). As part of the consideration to rights and licenses granted under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement, the Company issued 588,220 ordinary shares to Oxford BioMedica. The Company is also obligated to make certain development milestone payments in the form of issuance of additional ordinary shares if the milestones are achieved. In November 2017, the first milestone was achieved, and the Company was committed to issue 150,826 ordinary shares, and issued these shares in 2018. In September 2018, the second and third milestones were achieved, and the Company issued 150,826 ordinary shares. If future milestones are met, the Company may become obligated to issue more ordinary shares. No milestones were met during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company recorded $0.5 million to research and development expense upon execution of the Oxford BioMedica Agreement in 2016 and $0.1 million upon achievement of the first development milestone in 2017. The Company recorded $1.4 million upon achievement of the second and third development milestones in 2018. The expense recognized in 2016 and 2017 was determined based on the ordinary shares’ fair value as of the time the agreement was executed. The expense recognized in 2018 was determined based on the ordinary shares’ fair value as of the time the agreement was modified in September 2018. There was no expense recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2019 as no milestones were met during the period.

The Company may also pay low single-digit percentage royalties on net sales of collaborated product generated under the Oxford BioMedica Agreement.

UCLA/CIRM research agreement

In January 2017, the Company and UCLA executed a subcontract agreement (“UCLA Research Agreement”), whereby the Company would provide UCLA certain research and development services related to autologous lentiviral gene therapy in ADA-SCID as part of UCLA’s existing ADA-SCID research program that is being funded by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”).  The original amount of total reimbursement the Company could have received under the UCLA Research Agreement was $10.4 million. Through June 30, 2018, the Company received and recognized $7.3 million from this agreement. In July 2018, a transfer of the sponsorship took place and the Company became the awardee under the program funded by CIRM, and the Company received an award that superseded the previous award noted above. The total reimbursement the Company may receive under the new award is $8.5 million, of which we may be obligated to reimburse UCLA for up to $5.5 million for research activities upon achievement of certain milestones. Reimbursement may be received from CIRM during the period from January 2017 to December 2021. Under the terms of the CIRM grants, the Company is obligated to pay royalties based on a low single digit royalty percentage on net sales of CIRM-funded product candidates or CIRM-funded technology. The Company has the option to decline any and all amounts awarded by CIRM. As an alternative to revenue sharing, the Company has the option to elect to convert the award to a loan, payable within 10 days of election. No such election has been made as of the date of this interim report. The reimbursements are recognized as a reduction in research and development expense for research activities that have taken place. In the event the reimbursement is received in advance of research activities, it is recognized within other liabilities. The Company accrues the sales-based royalties associated with CIRM-funded products when payment becomes probable. To date, no royalties have been accrued.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded nil and $5.0 million as a reduction of research and development expenses related to the UCLA Research Agreements. As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $1.6 million in accrued expenses for amounts which it is obligated to reimburse to UCLA under the July 2018 grant.

8. Income Taxes

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing on the Company’s ability to realize the deferred tax assets which primarily comprise net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credits. Management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception in the United Kingdom and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the United Kingdom deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against these net deferred tax assets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period.

The Company recognized an income tax provision of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and an income tax benefit of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had an accrued income tax provision of $1.4 million related to this tax payable included within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. 

The Company has not recorded any amounts for unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. The Company files income tax returns in the United Kingdom, United States and certain state and local jurisdictions. The income tax returns are generally subject to tax examinations for the tax years ended December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2018. There are currently no pending income tax return examinations.

9. Net loss per share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share for all periods as the inclusion of all shares convertible into ordinary shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

The following securities, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, are considered to be ordinary share equivalents, but were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per ordinary share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive: